CSAT3A 3-D Sonic Anemometer, Head Only
Precision Measurements
Best instrument for flux and other high-level turbulence research projects
weather applications water applications energy applications gas flux and turbulence applications infrastructure applications soil applications

Overview

The CSAT3A 3-D Sonic Anemometer is the 3-D sonic anemometer of choice for eddy-covariance measurements. It has an aerodynamic design, a 10 cm vertical measurement path, operates in a pulsed acoustic mode, and withstands exposure to harsh weather conditions. Three orthogonal wind components (ux, uy, uz) and the speed of sound (c) are measured and output at a maximum rate of 50 Hz. The CSAT3A head is operated by the EC100 electronics, which also control either an EC150 or EC155 gas analyzer.

Measurements can be triggered from two sources:

  • Data logger’s SDM command
  • EC100’s internal clock

The SDM protocol supports a group trigger for synchronizing multiple CSAT3As.

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Benefits and Features

  • New conformal coating helps protect sonic transducers in corrosive environments
  • Innovative design provides precision turbulence measurements with minimal flow distortion
  • Usually combined with EC150 or EC155 gas analyzers giving near complete colocation for eddy-covariance measurements
  • Compatible with most Campbell Scientific data loggers
  • Measurements can be used to calculate momentum flux and friction velocity
  • Campbell Scientific’s fine wire thermocouples are an option for fast-response temperature measurements
  • Field rugged
  • Innovative signal processing and transducer wicks considerably improve performance of the anemometer during rain events
  • Sealed sonic transducers and electronics

Images

CSAT3A lower transducer assembly top view

Detailed Description

The CSAT3A is an optional component of an EC150 open-path or EC155 closed-path CO2/H2O gas analyzer. It attaches to a common mounting bracket and connects to the gas analyzer's EC100 electronics module.

Specifications

Measurement Path Length
  • 10.0 cm (3.94 in.) vertical
  • 5.8 cm (2.3 in.) horizontal
Path Angle from Horizontal 60°
Construction Sealed sonic transducers and electronics
Anemometer Head Materials Stainless-steel tubing
Electronics Box Materials Welded aluminum
Operating Temperature Range -30° to +50°C
Voltage Supply 10 to 16 Vdc
Current
  • 200 mA (60 Hz measurement rate)
  • 100 mA (20 Hz measurement rate)
Digital SDM Output Signal CSI 33.3 k baud serial interface for data logger/sensor communication. (Data type is 2-byte integer per output plus 2-byte diagnostic.)
Support Arm Diameter 1.59 cm (0.63 in.)
Transducer Diameter 0.64 cm (0.25 in.)
Transducer Mounting Arm Diameter 0.84 cm (0.33 in.)
Anemometer Head Dimensions 47.3 x 42.4 cm (18.6 x 16.7 in.)
Anemometer Head Weight 1.7 kg (3.7 lb)

Measurements
Outputs ux, uy, uz, c
(ux, uy, uz are wind components referenced to the anemometer axes; c is speed of sound.)
Speed of Sound Determined from three acoustic paths; corrected for crosswind effects.
Measurement Rate Programmable from 1 to 60 Hz, instantaneous measurements. Two over-sampled modes are block averaged to either 20 Hz or 10 Hz.
Output Bandwidths 5, 10, 12.5, or 20 Hz
Output Rate 10, 20, 25, or 50 Hz
Measurement Resolution
  • Resolution values are for instantaneous measurements made on a constant signal; noise is not affected by sample rate.
  • 1 mm/s rms (ux, uy)
  • 0.5 mm/s rms (uz)
  • 15 mm/s (0.025°C) rms (c)
Offset Error
  • Offset error and gain error values assume the -30° to +50°C range, wind speeds of < 30 m/s, and wind angles between ±170°.
  • < ±8.0 cm/s (ux, uy)
  • < ±4.0 cm/s (uz)
Gain Error
  • Offset error and gain error values assume the -30° to +50°C range, wind speeds of < 30 m/s, and wind angles between ±170°.
  • < ±2% of reading (wind vector within ±5° of horizontal)
  • < ±3% of reading (wind vector within ±10° of horizontal)
  • < ±6% of reading (wind vector within ±20° of horizontal)
Rain Innovative ultrasonic signal processing and user-installable wicks considerably improve the performance of the anemometer under all rain events.

Digital USB and RS-485 Output Signal
Baud Rate 230400 bps (maximum)
Data Type Comma-delimited ASCII

SDM, USB, & RS-485 Digital Outputs Reporting Range
Full-Scale Wind ±65.535 m/s autoranging between four ranges (Least significant bit is 0.25 to 2 mm/s.)
Speed of Sound 300 to 366 m/s (-50° to +60°C) Least significant bit is 1 mm/s (0.002°C).

Compatibility

Note: The following shows notable compatibility information. It is not a comprehensive list of all compatible or incompatible products.

Data Loggers

Product Compatible Note
CR1000 (retired)
CR200X (retired)
CR206X (retired)
CR211X (retired)
CR216X (retired)
CR295X (retired)
CR3000 (retired)
CR5000 (retired)
CR800 (retired)
CR850 (retired)
CR9000X (retired)

Frequently Asked Questions

Number of FAQs related to CSAT3A: 22

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  1. Is the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, or CSAT3BH anemometer measurement limited by precipitation?

    Ultrasonic anemometers are unable to make measurements if the sonic path is blocked. The path may become blocked by water that puddles on the lower transducer face or droplets that hang from the upper transducers. Sonic wicks, which come with all sonics, can be placed on the transducers to wick away moisture from the faces of the transducers. Ensure that these wicks are removed during cold conditions to prevent ice from building up around them.

  2. Are there any mounting options for the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, or CSAT3BH that lend themselves to frequent repositioning?

    Campbell Scientific does not offer any mounting booms or hardware that enable easy and frequent positioning of the sonic anemometer sensor head. This type of hardware must be provided by the user.

  3. If the polymer coating at the ends of the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, or CSAT3BH transducers starts coming off, is that a problem?

    Yes. If the matching layer is damaged or missing, return the sonic anemometer to the factory for repair. Follow the steps listed on our Repair and Calibration page to request a return material authorization (RMA) number. 

  4. If the temperature drops below -30°C, is that a problem for a CSAT3A or CSAT3B?

    The CSAT3A or CSAT3B is calibrated over the temperature range of -30° to +50°C. The sonic anemometer operating temperature range can be shifted by 10 degrees to cover the range of -40° to +40°C. For low-temperature applications, it may be more appropriate to consider a heated version of our sonic anemometers.

    The instrument will continue to operate outside the calibrated temperature range until the signal becomes too weak; however, the proper calibration will not be applied to the measurements because the calibration file only spans the specified temperature range.

  5. What are the calibration procedures for the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, and CSAT3BH, and how are they traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)?

    The CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, and CSAT3BH are calibrated over temperature for the effects of transducer delays on the wind speed, and to a lesser extent, for the speed of sound measurements.

    There is no NIST-traceable standard for ultrasonic anemometers.

  6. Are there any corrections to the raw data (not the average data) obtained by the CSAT3/3A/3AH?

    The CSAT3/3A/3AH calibration applies a correction for transducer delay over temperature. Transducer delays cause an offset in the wind speed measurement, and to a lesser extent, an offset in the speed of sound measurement.

    The CSAT3/3A/3AH speed of sound easement is corrected for the effects of wind blowing normal to the sonic path.

  7. Can the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, or CSAT3BH be used in low-speed conditions, such as less than 5 cm/s? If so, what are the resolution and accuracy at these low speeds?

    The sonic anemometer offset specification is ±8 cm/s. Therefore, it cannot be used in an application where the expected wind speed is in the range of ±5 cm/s.

  8. Is there a way to determine the time at which the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, or CSAT3BH started reporting data with sub-second precision?

    No. The sonic anemometer does not report time with the wind measurements. A time stamp will be assigned to the wind data by the data-acquisition system—either a data logger or a PC.

  9. How sensitive are the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, and CSAT3BH velocity measurements to sea spray in periods of high wind speed?

    The CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, and CSAT3BH—like other sonic anemometers—measure wind speed along the sonic path using ultrasonic signals. If the salt spray blocks the sonic path, the sonic anemometer will not be able to make measurements. The same is true if a thick layer of salt is deposited on the transducer faces.

  10. What is the natural frequency of the CSAT3A, CSAT3AH, CSAT3B, or CSAT3BH?

    100 Hz.

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